【拜登Town Hall談中國】
美國總統拜登2月17日參加了由CNN主辦的一場Town Hall(市政廳討論/辯論)。市政廳討論這種型式在美國非常常見,就是由政治人物直接面對群眾,回答問題。許多國會議員都會定期在自己的選區舉辦這樣子的會議,親自回答選民的問題(但由於疫情,從去年開始許多都改採線上進行了)。在台灣似乎較少有這種公開的辯論或討論機會。
在這場Town Hall當中,拜登談到疫情、最低工資、政黨輪替後的狀況等等,也談到中國及人權議題。而其中和台灣最相關的,當屬他被主持人問到關於中國的人權問題,而他揭露自己和中國領導人習近平過往的談話內容。不過,他在這場講話的狀況並不是很好,有很多地方講不太清楚或口誤,所以在推特上也引起了猜話(?)大作戰。
➤ 白宮逐字稿:https://reurl.cc/NXqLom
➤ 中國問題片段:https://reurl.cc/0DE49A
➤ 文字報導:https://reurl.cc/zbApYN
台灣這邊在網路上也已經有很多片段流傳,不過在內容的解讀上似乎有許多不完整之處。這裡有一篇 Translation Matters 翻譯有要緊 的翻譯詳解,推薦大家參考:https://reurl.cc/V38Y7y 。
以下是我們的看法,
他回答跟習近平談話內容的那段,大致上講的有三個重點:
1. 拜登認為習近平做為中國的領導者,跟歷屆領導者一樣,認為中國在歷史上是西方的受害者,而中國必須使用強力的控制來統治,這樣才能夠反映中國價值;
2. 做為一個美國的領導人,拜登理解習近平所認為的這種反映中國價值的統治方式,因為美國的領導人也必須反映他所認為的美國價值;
3. 美國仍然會像過去一樣,持續地在國際上扮演維護人權的角色,尤其是聯合國相關機構。中國方面一直都想要當世界老大,但假設違反人權原則的話,不太可能做到,中國將會面臨反作用力(repercussions),而習近平也知道這點。
上述的內容中,尤以第二點引發許多爭論,因為除了出現明顯重大的口誤以外,語塞以及不流暢的發言也讓人難以理解部分內容,以下我們附上該段的原文,並試著針對此段中的兩項爭議做梳理。
So the central — to vastly overstate it — the central principle of Xi Jinping is that there must be a united, tightly controlled China. And he uses his rationale for the things he does based on that.
I point out to him: No American President can be sustained as a President if he doesn’t reflect the values of the United States. And so the idea I’m not going to speak out against what he’s doing in Hong Kong, what he’s doing with the Uyghurs in western mountains of China and Taiwan, trying to end the One China policy by making it forceful — I said — and by the — he said he — he gets it. Culturally, there are different norms that each country and they — their leaders — are expected to follow.
But my point was that […] And I came back and said they’re going to end their One China — their one child policy, because they’re so xenophobic, they won’t let anybody else in, and more people are retired than working. How can they sustain economic growth when more people are retired?
🔹 新疆人權議題與文化相對論
許多人在看這段時,把「so the idea I’m not going to speak out against …」(句1:我沒有要對 … 發聲反對的這個想法)和「Culturally, there are different norms that each country and their leaders are expected to follow」(句2:文化上,不同國家期待領導人要遵守的常規不同)做連結,認為這是在替中國在新疆的行為,用「不同文化的常規」開脫。
這樣的說法其實是有點過度解讀。如果看過原段落的影片,拜登在句1尾段吃了螺絲,然後忘了回來講上一句話的結尾就接著講下句。如果照逐字稿的字面上翻譯,的確會變成他「沒有」要對中國在新疆、香港、台灣的作為發聲,但這就會完全變成前言不對後語,因為他在此的前一句才說「如果不能反映美國的價值,沒有一個美國總統能繼續坐在總統位上」。比較合理的解讀是,他該句末忘了加像是「… is impossible」之類的語氣,也就是其實他原本要講的是「要我對 … 不發聲的這個想法是不可能的」。這樣一來,後句的「he said he gets it」(習近平說他了解)也能順接,因為這段的旨意是拜登在向習近平闡述美國總統必須得為美國價值挺身。
句2的解讀其實是延續這整段的旨意,提到不同文化下對其領導人的期待也有所不同。這裡除了再一次回應前述美國總統必須反映美國價值精神外,也順便呼應了更前面一點他說習近平的中心原則就是認為中國必須統一且高度地控制,並常以此作為他許多作為的理由。如果各位繼續往後讀,拜登接著說他當時就認為中國會結束一胎化政策,因為他們很排外(xenophobic),不讓外人進來;在這樣的情況下,未來的勞動力將無法維持經濟成長。
我們可以看得出來,這幾個段落都是圍繞著美中領導階層在文化價值上的差異。不過要注意的是,這裡即便闡述了「美中雙方照自己的文化去做事」的脈絡,但是【並沒有】說要去尊重或是接受對方的做法。所以如果要對這段談話下一個註解,其實就是美中雙方的「文明衝突」。
至於對於中國在新疆人權侵犯的態度,拜登自己、他的國務卿布林肯都已經用「種族滅絕」(genocide)來描述,這其實已經是很明確的表態了,因為種族滅絕在國際上的定義是沒有辦法簡單用文化相對論來帶過的。一個是現在具有政策宣示性的聲明,一個是他闡述多年前與習近平的對話內容,哪一個比較能夠作為未來美國相關政策的預測工具,相信大家都知道該怎麼解讀。
🔹 結束一中政策?
另一個引起爭議的是在剛剛提到的句1中,講到了要結束一中政策:「so the idea I’m not going to speak out against what he's doing in Hong Kong … and Taiwan, trying to end the One-China policy by making it forceful …」。
這裡蠻明顯是口誤,因為這幾句的主詞都是習近平(he),而習近平怎麼可能會去結束「一中政策」(One China Policy)?中國只有「一中原則」(One China Priciple),沒有一中政策。支持是口誤的另一個線索是,在這之後拜登第二次說到一中政策時,他句子都還沒說完,就立刻改口成「一胎化政策」(One Child Policy)。根據這幾個段落都在強調雙方在人權、民主價值上的差異,以及拜登過去一年以來的許多公開發言都有痴 … 吃螺絲的狀況,這裡講錯話的可能性是很高的。
▍感想
如果把這樣的談話跟先前的幾個重要談話來對照,例如「兩國關係建立在公平、對等與尊重主權的基礎上」、「美中文明有巨大的差異」這樣的文句,其實美國理解中國的方式有許多基本相同的元素在(大家猜猜看這是誰說的)。我們先前也有說過,美國兩大黨的外交政策觀點其實是很類似的,但大家在辯論的重點在於手段的使用。
最重要的問題一直都是:中共高層(尤其習近平)真的會知道違反人權的後果嗎?美國該如何確保中共須要付出的代價?拜登在這場Town Hall當中並沒有詳細說明,因為他認為這是很複雜的事情,不打算在這個場合用短短幾分鐘來講。
大家就繼續看所謂面對中國的「全政府途徑」(whole-of-government approach)會怎麼發展下去吧!
✨ 觀測站推特:https://twitter.com/ustaiwanwatch
✨ 贊助觀測站:https://ustaiwanwatch.soci.vip/
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uyghurs中文 在 黃之鋒 Joshua Wong Facebook 的最讚貼文
【回應越南網民疑慮批評 東亞及東南亞團結對抗中共掘起】
(scroll down for English & 下面有中文)
Xin chào các bạn Việt Nam: Hôm qua, mình đã sử dụng thuật ngữ "con khỉ Việt Nam" trong bài đăng trên Facebook của mình. Mình có ý đó là mỉa mai, vì những người theo chủ nghĩa dân tộc Trung Quốc luôn sử dụng thuật ngữ phân biệt chủng tộc chống lại mình. Mình không bao giờ có ý định xúc phạm các bạn. Mình xin lỗi vì sự hiểu lầm và đã loại bỏ thuật ngữ trong bài viết của mình. Mình biết nhiều người Việt Nam yêu tự do từ lâu đã ủng hộ Hồng Kông. Chúng tôi nên cùng nhau đấu tranh cho dân chủ!
(Cảm ơn 敖卓軒 (Jeffrey Ngo) đã giúp tôi dịch)
"Hong Kong: Vì sao phe thân-Bắc Kinh đồn Joshua Wong là người 'gốc Việt'?" BBC Tiếng Việt: https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/world-49329080
-----------------------------------------------
本文原意為以日本河童和越南猴子等小粉紅曾使用的字眼,反諷喜歡侮辱我的中國網民;怎料激起越南網友以為我有意詆毁他們,其實我完全沒有這個意思,在此向各位越南人致歉,我也為免誤會,經已在此帖刪除越南此一字詞。
又另外,就著經常被指稱為越南人一事,其實我作為土生土長,於香港出生的香港人,自己家族四代也與越南沒有任何淵源,族譜裏據悉也沒有人曾在越南出生或在當地工作⋯⋯
不過縱然如此,在抵抗威權的戰線上,我也非常希望與東亞地區的朋友一起努力,尤其是不管香港還是越南等東南亞國家還是香港,在過去也深深感受到中國勢力擴張帶來的負面影響,我們定必團結一致對抗暴政。
最後奉勸小粉紅們,不要再以為抵毀我作越南人會有甚麼作用了,這只是說明從牆來出征的網民,只是在玩弄種族主義,反映質素何其低劣 :)
-----------------------------------------------
Although I am a #Hongkonger, Chinese netizens often call me Vietnamese monkey. I am sorry that my friends in #Vietnam feel uncomfortable when I used the term to mock myself. So I delete it and apologize for your frustration.
But what is more worrying is that #China’s netizens more and more often use these racist terms to describe people in #Vietnam, #Japan, #Taiwan, #Uyghurs, #Thailand in recent #nnevvy incident, and even African workers in #Guangzhou and #Beijing.
That is a kind of extreme nationalist bullying, warranted by an authoritarian #China and reaching out every corner of the world. With its swelling economic clout, #Chinese pay no respect to other people’s liberties and dignity.
In defence of our freedoms and human dignity, I invite people in all Asian and African countries to fight against #China’s authoritarian expansion. Our life should not be trampled on by extreme nationalists from #China.
https://twitter.com/joshuawongcf/status/1249259287488139271
The Vietnamese people — having endured decades of racism, imperialism and geopolitical oppression from China — have likewise long been standing up for Hong Kong, even as the Vietnamese government is reluctant to say anything pro-democracy.
uyghurs中文 在 公民聯盟 Facebook 的最佳解答
希望他玩遍中國開發的遊戲!
傳說遊戲只要被他玩過,就會被中國下架的男子,現在玩開了。
🤣🤣🤣
亲,那个以为自己很牛逼,但其实只是猴子河童又在玩啥?!全也要下架!
#玻璃森友會 #猛男之森 #猛男撿樹枝
😂原來已經有生成器:https://hkacgmemes.github.io/gif-switch-meme-gen/
-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
【回應越南網民疑慮批評 東亞及東南亞團結對抗中共掘起】
(scroll down for English & 下面有中文)
Xin chào các bạn Việt Nam: Hôm qua, mình đã sử dụng thuật ngữ "khỉ Việt Nam" trong bài đăng trên Facebook của mình. Mình có ý đó là mỉa mai, vì những người theo chủ nghĩa dân tộc Trung Quốc luôn sử dụng thuật ngữ phân biệt chủng tộc chống lại mình. Mình không bao giờ có ý định xúc phạm các bạn. Mình xin lỗi vì sự hiểu lầm và đã loại bỏ thuật ngữ trong bài viết của mình. Mình biết nhiều người Việt Nam yêu tự do từ lâu đã ủng hộ Hồng Kông. Chúng tôi nên cùng nhau đấu tranh cho dân chủ!
(Cảm ơn 敖卓軒 (Jeffrey Ngo) đã giúp tôi dịch)
-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
本文原意為以日本河童和越南猴子等小粉紅曾使用的字眼,反諷喜歡侮辱我的中國網民;怎料激起越南網友以為我有意詆毁他們,其實我完全沒有這個意思,在此向各位越南人致歉,我也為免誤會,經已在此帖刪除越南此一字詞。
又另外,就著經常被指稱為越南人一事,其實我作為土生土長,於香港出生的香港人,自己家族四代也與越南沒有任何淵源,族譜裏據悉也沒有人曾在越南出生或在當地工作⋯⋯
不過縱然如此,在抵抗威權的戰線上,我也非常希望與東亞地區的朋友一起努力,尤其是不管香港還是越南等東南亞國家還是香港,在過去也深深感受到中國勢力擴張帶來的負面影響,我們定必團結一致對抗暴政。
最後奉勸小粉紅們,不要再以為抵毀我作越南人會有甚麼作用了,這只是說明從牆來出征的網民,只是在玩弄種族主義,反映質素何其低劣 :)
-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
Although I am a #Hongkonger, Chinese netizens often call me Vietnamese monkey. I am sorry that my friends in #Vietnam feel uncomfortable when I used the term to mock myself. So I delete it and apologize for your frustration.
But what is more worrying is that #China’s netizens more and more often use these racist terms to describe people in #Vietnam, #Japan, #Taiwan, #Uyghurs, #Thailand in recent #nnevvy incident, and even African workers in #Guangzhou and #Beijing.
That is a kind of extreme nationalist bullying, warranted by an authoritarian #China and reaching out every corner of the world. With its swelling economic clout, #Chinese pay no respect to other people’s liberties and dignity.
In defence of our freedoms and human dignity, I invite people in all Asian and African countries to fight against #China’s authoritarian expansion. Our life should not be trampled on by extreme nationalists from #China.
https://twitter.com/joshuawongcf/status/1249259287488139271
The Vietnamese people — having endured decades of racism, imperialism and geopolitical oppression from China — have likewise long been standing up for Hong Kong, even as the Vietnamese government is reluctant to say anything pro-democracy.
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Thousands of videos of Uyghurs denying abuses against their community are showing up on Twitter and YouTube. ... 阅读简体中文版。 ... <看更多>
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