【新生寶包吐不停,當心肥厚性幽門狹窄】
阿包醫生最近收到一張讓我又驚又喜的轉診單,上面寫著「肥厚性幽門狹窄,已安排手術」,我心想:「啊!那位寶包👶真的被確診了,但覺得開心的是,他也接受到適當的處置了」。
原來是兩個月前一位媽媽帶著出生三星期大的寶包來門診,媽媽說前兩周在月子中心照護喝奶🍼都沒問題,結果上星期回家後寶包開始每次喝完奶都會吐,有時還會噴射式的湧出,由於狀況沒有改善才帶來門診😢
阿包醫生初步為寶包做了身體檢查,發現肚子明顯的脹氣,於是先跟媽媽解釋可先將餵奶調整為少量多餐的方式,並給予一些輔助的藥物,最後囑咐媽媽幾天後若症狀仍未改善一定要回診。
果然三天後媽媽帶著寶包又來到門診,阿包醫生也發現寶包目前體重和出生相比只增加了50克,體重增加的狀況很不好,於是我就趕緊寫張轉診單📝請媽媽帶寶包去醫院做進一步檢查,要排除為腸道有無阻塞的疾病,特別是肥厚性幽門狹窄…
其實嬰兒吐奶是很正常的現象,不過若是有噴射狀吐出、餵下去沒多久就完全吐出來,且頻繁發生,則要進一步了解胃腸道是否有異常狀況,其中一個原因可能就是「#肥厚性幽門狹窄」。
🎯#肥厚性幽門狹窄狀況
肥厚性幽門狹窄好發於出生2週至6週大的寶包,亞洲人發生率約0.5~0.8/1000。幽門指的是胃部下方通往十二指腸的開口,當幽門肌肉層肥厚導致幽門狹窄,就會讓食物無法繼續往下消化,導致停留在胃部,初期可能會噁心反胃,接下來就會出現吐奶的狀況。
🎯#常見症狀
初期症狀為些微噁心反胃,接著會漸漸加劇變成嘔吐、噴射式嘔吐,嘔吐物型態為黏液和吞嚥過的牛奶,但不會有膽汁。若症狀持續數天以上會導致體重不升反降、脫水等情形。
🎯#治療與照護方式
診斷時會先做身體檢查,包括上腹部能否摸到腫塊,以及透過腹部超音波檢查有無見到肥厚的幽門。當確診為肥厚性幽門狹窄,會進行幽門肌肉層切開術,此手術較為單純,且預後良好,一般術後4小時就可進食,術後2天左右就可出院,並可恢復原來生活。
📌#小叮嚀
寶包吐奶的原因很多,包括餵食過量、吸入空氣、胃食道逆流等,爸媽可調整餵奶姿勢、速度、頻率等,減緩吐奶狀況,但若是仍未改善,則要進一步就醫喔~
食道收窄原因 在 在家好到府坐月子 Facebook 的最佳貼文
新生兒常見的15個問題
1脫皮
新生兒出生10~20天後身體會陸續出現脫皮,包括全身性脫皮。楊長佑醫師說明:「脫皮情形是為正常現象。主要是寶寶在媽媽的子宮裡時,他的皮膚浸泡在羊水裡,所以當他出生後就會慢慢有脫皮情況。」
2新生兒毒性紅斑
七成新生兒會發生
新生兒毒性紅班聽起來似乎很可怕,然而這是不需要任何治療就會自行消褪的良性皮膚病。多在寶寶出生後幾天內發生,通常會持續幾天至幾個禮拜,楊雅淇醫師解釋:「症狀為多發性的在軀幹、臉上,出現1~2公分的白點、紅紅的基底,將近七成的新生兒會有這情況。」
楊長佑醫師也對此表示:「老一輩人常說紅斑是因為『胎毒』造成,不過這說法沒有任何醫學根據,而且沒有毒性產生。原則上只要保持乾爽、用清水清洗,就會慢慢消褪。」
3脂漏性皮膚炎
脂漏性皮膚炎亦為新生兒常見狀況,多在出生3個月內發生。症狀為皮膚發紅、黃油油的薄片蓋在皮膚上,並經常沉積於頭頂、眉毛、或耳後的皺摺處,嚴重的會凝集結痂使皮膚龜裂、流出組織液。楊長佑醫師建議:「用清水清洗、盡量保持清潔,若有類似頭皮屑的薄片,則可塗抹一些嬰兒油讓其軟化再推掉。」一般而言,脂漏性皮膚炎多在數週以後會自行消褪,再發率很低;除非情況嚴重,才需輔以藥膏的局部塗抹來改善。
4尿布疹
分為接觸性皮膚炎與念珠菌皮膚炎
新生兒的皮膚較成人而言,皮膚厚度較薄,因而容易受到外在環境的刺激,例如:潮濕悶熱及尿液、糞便的化學性刺激而產生尿布疹。楊雅淇醫師指出:「改善尿布疹的最好方法即是勤換尿布、盡量保持屁屁皮膚的乾爽。」
特別是餵母奶的寶寶,出生第一、二個月的解便頻率高,甚至一天達到10次以上亦屬正常,因此父母要特別照顧寶寶的屁屁,一旦發現尿布溼了就必須換掉,並以溫水清洗屁屁後再徹底擦乾。此外,楊醫師提醒:「擦拭時,輕輕地按壓毛巾擦乾,而不是用力擦拭。如果屁屁出現紅疹,可請醫師開立具有收斂效果的氧化鋅軟膏,塗抹在皮膚發紅部位,讓患部維持乾燥,隔絕水、尿液、或大便對皮膚的刺激。此外,亦不建議使用痱子粉」
楊長佑醫師亦進一步補充:「一般而言,尿布疹可分為兩大類型:接觸性皮膚炎與念珠菌皮膚炎。」接觸性皮膚炎的改善方式較簡單,即是保持腹股溝的清潔與乾燥,勤洗屁股、勤換尿布、保持屁股的乾燥。特別是出生一個月內的新生兒,由於大便次數多,建議以洗屁股的方式取代溼紙巾擦拭;再者,頻繁使用溼紙巾擦拭容易造成皮膚破損,加重尿布疹情形。
至於念珠菌的皮膚炎主要是黴菌感染,特徵是出現一顆顆突起的紅斑,時常伴隨一些水泡膿泡,不同於接觸性皮膚炎是皮膚一片泛紅。治療時,會使用抗黴菌藥膏治療。
5血管瘤
新生兒出現血管瘤的機率為6~25%。
新生兒出現血管瘤的機率為6~25%。有些嬰兒出生時不一定有,可能隔一段時間後慢慢發現臉部、肚子、或四肢出現一些胎記,也許是淺紅色、鮮紅色或暗紅色,除了臉部,也可能出現在後頸部、眼瞼、兩頰或兩眼中間的額頭等。楊長佑醫師分析:「若發生在臉部,可能是微血管擴張而非真正的血管瘤,多為良性,一般會在2~3歲慢慢消褪,7~9歲才會完全不見。」除此,有些孩子的兩眼中間長出像火焰的胎記,稱為「火焰痣」,不易消褪且需要觀察。原則上,除非同時長在特別部位,像眼睛、口腔周圍,才需要檢查是否合併其它神經併發症。
6蒙古斑
90%的東方新生兒有蒙古斑,其顏色為棕色或青色,好發部位在腰椎、胝椎處、屁股、下肢、背部、側腹,甚至於肩膀上,1歲內會漸漸消褪,父母不須過度擔心。
7黃疸
新生兒都會出現黃疸情形,只是程度高低的不同。生理性黃疸通常在出生後3~5天達到頂峰,之後才逐漸下降。楊雅淇醫師表示:「東方人的黃疸退得比西方人慢,可能需要2~3週才會降到正常範圍,不過,依個別狀況不同,下降的時間點也不一樣。」
原則上,黃疸太早出現或太晚出現、數值過高或膽紅素分類有異常等,皆為病理性黃疸,必須找出原因才能對症治療。
生理性黃疸
數值太高的間接型黃疸,會以特殊波長的藍光來照光治療。至於改善方法,則是讓寶寶攝取足夠的營養和熱量,避免讓他有脫水、吃不飽情況,楊雅淇醫師指出,像以前老一輩的人會讓嬰兒喝葡萄糖水,可是這會讓寶寶熱量不足,導致黃疸不易消褪,長牙了之後還容易蛀牙。
餵食不足造成母奶性黃疸
另外,也有家長認為寶寶吃母奶會加重黃疸,楊醫師澄清:「此為錯誤觀念,通常是母奶餵食不足(如:次數不夠頻繁、哺乳時間不夠長),造成寶寶脫水、營養不足才會加重黃疸。此情況容易發在新手父母的第一胎,因為不懂餵食技巧。」正常來說,寶寶出生後一週內,體重下降超過出生體重的7%即是餵食不足的警訊,超過10%即是餵食不足所造成的脫水,會加重黃疸現象。
楊長佑醫師亦補充,母奶餵食不足會導致寶寶缺乏營養與水分,無法增加腸道蠕動排出胎便,而且會讓腸道循環吸收胎便的膽色素而引起黃疸持續上升。此種早期的黃疸,反而鼓勵媽媽多餵母奶、增加餵奶次數,讓寶寶吃到足夠的奶水以降低早發型的母奶性黃疸。
原則上,母奶性黃疸的數值沒有太高、未合併危險因子,例如溶血;而且醫師判斷在安全範圍內,都可持續哺餵母奶,不用改為配方奶。
病理性黃疸
依時間點來區分不同的病理性黃疸原因。
黃疸太早出現(如出生一天內就快速竄升)或太晚消褪(黃疸持續2~3週)、數值過高、膽紅素分類異常、大便顏色異常(呈現越來越淺的黃色或灰白便)、合併肝脾腫大等,皆為病態性黃疸的警訊。楊雅淇醫師表示:「造成病理性黃疸因素有很多種,常見為感染、蠶豆症、先天代謝異常、新生兒肝炎、膽道閉鎖、溶血等。」
楊長佑醫師舉例,新生兒出生第一天的黃疸指數超過10mg/dL、黃疸值上升速度快、指數超過19.5 mg/dL或出生2~3週仍有黃疸,即為病理性黃疸。一般而言,會根據時間點來區分不同的病理性黃疸原因,例如:出生即有病理性黃疸,可能是血型不合、頭皮血腫等。而持續一週的黃疸則要擔心是感染造成,常見為泌尿道感染。
此外,膽道閉鎖也會導致延遲性黃疸。楊雅淇醫師分析,膽道閉鎖的特徵是大便顏色會從黃綠色逐漸變成淺黃色、甚至灰白便,且寶寶的膚色會愈來愈黃,嚴重會合併晚期肝脾腫大,此狀況必須在兩個月內盡速開刀治療以免影響預後。
基本上,寶寶吃得好、排尿與解便情形良好,黃疸指數通常不會太高。可是若發現寶寶的膚色出現變化,例如:眼白變黃,而且頭部、軀幹、大腿、小腿等膚色逐漸轉為黃色,代表黃疸指數很高,必須就醫檢查,抽血、驗膽色素濃度以確認是否需要照光、甚至換血治療。楊長佑醫師表示:「雖然換血治療對於嬰兒是極大的風險,然而若沒這麼做,膽色素會蔓延、沉積在腦部,造成孩子終生聽力受損或腦性麻痺。」
8吐奶與溢奶
溢奶
溢奶即是寶寶吃奶的當時或餵完奶30分鐘~1小時,從嘴角流出一些消化過後的奶。
楊長佑醫師說明:「主要是食道下方的括約肌,亦即賁門發育不夠成熟、閉鎖不全,容易讓食物從胃部逆流出來。」另外,若寶寶的腹部受到壓迫造成腹壓增高,像是哭鬧,也會導致寶寶溢奶。不過溢奶是生理性問題,寶寶6個月大後會逐漸改善。
少量多餐+拍嗝
楊雅淇醫師補充:「由於新生兒的胃容量小,一下餵太多奶容易造成溢奶情形,建議採取少量多餐的餵食方式,才是符合新生兒生理的。」另外,她也建議哺餵母乳的媽媽採取親餵而不是瓶餵,她分析:「瓶餵流量大會讓寶寶瞬間吃下太多奶水,胃部立刻變脹,容易造成吐奶、溢奶。」如果不得已必須採取瓶餵,最好分段餵食;且餵完後的10~15分鐘拍打嗝,並以直立姿勢抱寶寶約30分鐘,待奶水都胃排空了再放下平躺。溢奶的情況通常會隨寶寶年紀之增長而有所改善;倘若改善餵食技巧還容易溢奶,或頻繁厲害的吐奶導致體重不增加,請即就醫。
吐奶
寶寶出生兩、三週後,吃完奶沒多久即出現噴射狀嘔吐,且愈吐愈厲害,幾乎每一餐都發生,寶寶因為營養不良使得體重沒增加、甚至減少。或出現腹脹、發燒、膽汁色嘔吐物等,都是不好的徵兆。楊雅淇醫師表示:「可能要懷疑是幽門狹窄、或感染造成,應就醫進行檢查。」
8吐奶與溢奶
溢奶
溢奶即是寶寶吃奶的當時或餵完奶30分鐘~1小時,從嘴角流出一些消化過後的奶。
楊長佑醫師說明:「主要是食道下方的括約肌,亦即賁門發育不夠成熟、閉鎖不全,容易讓食物從胃部逆流出來。」另外,若寶寶的腹部受到壓迫造成腹壓增高,像是哭鬧,也會導致寶寶溢奶。不過溢奶是生理性問題,寶寶6個月大後會逐漸改善。
少量多餐+拍嗝
楊雅淇醫師補充:「由於新生兒的胃容量小,一下餵太多奶容易造成溢奶情形,建議採取少量多餐的餵食方式,才是符合新生兒生理的。」另外,她也建議哺餵母乳的媽媽採取親餵而不是瓶餵,她分析:「瓶餵流量大會讓寶寶瞬間吃下太多奶水,胃部立刻變脹,容易造成吐奶、溢奶。」如果不得已必須採取瓶餵,最好分段餵食;且餵完後的10~15分鐘拍打嗝,並以直立姿勢抱寶寶約30分鐘,待奶水都胃排空了再放下平躺。溢奶的情況通常會隨寶寶年紀之增長而有所改善;倘若改善餵食技巧還容易溢奶,或頻繁厲害的吐奶導致體重不增加,請即就醫。
吐奶
寶寶出生兩、三週後,吃完奶沒多久即出現噴射狀嘔吐,且愈吐愈厲害,幾乎每一餐都發生,寶寶因為營養不良使得體重沒增加、甚至減少。或出現腹脹、發燒、膽汁色嘔吐物等,都是不好的徵兆。楊雅淇醫師表示:「可能要懷疑是幽門狹窄、或感染造成,應就醫進行檢查。」
幽門狹窄好發2~4週寶寶
楊長佑醫師補充:「幽門位於胃與十二指腸之間,而『幽門狹窄』會導致寶寶喝奶到一個程度出現嘔吐,且吐完奶後還是會想吃,經常好發於2~4週的寶寶。通常會以腹部超音波來做診斷。」
原則上,5個月以前的寶寶在喝完奶後,父母應幫他排氣、打嗝,而正確拍嗝方式並不是拍背部,楊醫師解釋:「胃位於左上腹,應從背後的左上腹輕輕往上拍,此效果最好。另外,餵奶前可以在寶寶的肚臍周圍,以順時針方向按摩來消除脹氣,並減少溢奶的發生。」倘若溢奶頻率仍高、甚至有噴射狀吐奶,建議盡快就醫檢查。如果是因為胃食道逆流而導致的溢奶,不妨採取少量多餐、改變姿勢或服用促進胃排空藥物與制酸劑來改善;若是幽門狹窄則要手術治療。
9腸絞痛
一天哭鬧>3小時;一週>3天,連續3週
腸絞痛好發於6週至4.5個月的寶寶。
腸絞痛也是經常在門診遇到的問題,楊長佑醫師表示:「好發於6週至4.5個月的寶寶,特別是兩個月大的嬰兒最常出現。」而好發時間在傍晚到半夜之間,嬰兒會出現不正常的哭鬧,並非起因於肚子餓或發燒;雙腿會因為腸絞痛出現捲曲、腹部呈現鼓脹,無論怎麼安撫都無法讓寶寶停止哭鬧,即是嬰兒性腸絞痛症狀。
發生腸絞痛的可能因素很多,例如:代謝乳糖的酵素不成熟、賀爾蒙分泌異常等加快腸子的蠕動;另外,亦可能對牛奶蛋白過敏、神經發育系統不正常,或親子關係尚未建立默契等。楊長佑醫師表示:「在健兒門診腸絞痛是泛稱的病名,確診前除了找出病理原因,還得符合一天哭鬧超過3小時、一星期達3天以上,連續3個禮拜如此,才能說寶寶有腸絞痛的問題。」
當父母照護時,若排除其它哭鬧原因像是肚子餓、發燒、生病等,一般而言不需特別治療,如果哭鬧得厲害,則可用溫毛巾在肚臍周圍熱敷,並以順時針方向按摩肚臍。另外,也可變換寶寶的姿勢,像是將他抱直讓他趴在大人肩上,也能促進腹部空氣排出。不過,腸絞痛亦可能與脹氣有關,建議改善餵奶技巧避免讓寶寶吸入過多空氣,如果這麼做仍未改善,則考慮藥物舒緩。
若有家族性遺傳的過敏性體質,寶寶可能會因為對食物過敏而造成腹部不適,因此,盡可能哺餵母奶以減少過敏情形,或暫時改喝水解蛋白的配方奶。原則上,腸絞痛是寶寶過度期的短暫表現,需要父母耐心地安撫。
10鵝口瘡
好發於舌頭與兩頰內側
鵝口瘡屬於突發性,可能短期內發生。
出生6個月內的嬰兒發生鵝口瘡的機率滿高,不過楊長佑醫師表示:「鵝口瘡治癒率高,多數會自行痊癒。」之所以會長鵝口瘡,是因為即使正常人的口腔、腸道、皮膚亦存有少量白色念珠菌,可是會受到身體正常的細菌控制,所以繁殖速度不致於太快而引起疾病。不過,當身體出現一些狀況,例如:先天或後天免疫不全,像新生兒剛出生時免疫力不佳、哺乳器具不乾淨、或寶寶近期或長期使用抗生素、類固醇等藥物,則可能導致黴菌過度繁殖進而引起鵝口瘡。
鵝口瘡好發於舌頭與兩頰內側,會有白色的凝乳斑,有時難以與奶垢區別。正常來說,楊醫師指出:「奶垢以沾水的紗布或棉花棒輕輕擦拭即可乾淨;可是鵝口瘡不僅不易被擦掉,有時還會流血。」感染輕微的鵝口瘡多半不會出現其它症狀,可是臨床上會伴隨疼痛,造成寶寶的胃口不佳、搔動不安、甚至拒絕進食。通常鵝口瘡屬於突發性,可能短期內發生;不過也可能因為照顧者誤認為奶垢而不以為意,延誤治療時間並導致症狀愈來愈嚴重。
注重奶瓶、奶嘴的清潔與消毒
楊雅淇醫師亦進一步解釋:「鵝口瘡與奶垢的差別在於它不易被剝除,或剝除後容易出血。」如果狀況嚴重建議就醫治療,醫師會開立一些口服的抗黴菌藥物。此外,應加強奶瓶、奶嘴的清潔、消毒,甚至淘汰老舊的奶嘴。
此外,餵奶前應以肥皂徹底清潔雙手,盡量避免使用安撫奶嘴。至於餵母奶的媽媽,哺餵前先清潔乳頭與乳暈、保持衣服的清潔與乾燥,餵完奶後先餵寶寶喝一、兩口開水,幫寶寶清除口腔內的奶渣。
再者,寶寶的玩具應定時集體清潔。若鵝口瘡情況嚴重應就醫,通常醫師會開立一週以上的抗黴菌藥物治療,甚至白色斑塊消失後還需再服用3天才算是徹底根治。楊長佑醫師指出:「嚴重的鵝口瘡其黴菌可能由腸道排出,感染肛門口周圍的皮膚,因此亦要注意屁股周圍的肌膚,避免合併念珠菌感染的尿布疹。」
11淚眼汪汪
按摩眼窩與兩側鼻翼
剛出生的嬰兒由於鼻淚管發育未完全、鼻淚管的構造狹窄,加上眼淚會正常分泌,一旦鼻淚管阻塞即會導致分泌物無法排出,所以造成寶寶淚眼汪汪、眼屎過多、眼睛腫的狀況。
改善嬰兒淚眼汪汪的方法,建議大人按摩寶寶的眼窩以及兩側鼻翼。首先將雙手洗淨後,在兩眼的中間亦即鼻淚管的附近輕微按摩,楊雅淇醫師說明:「這情況會隨著寶寶長大,結構發育成熟而慢慢改善。」
大致而言,新生兒常見的眼睛疾病包括新生兒結膜炎、睫毛倒插、鼻淚管阻塞等。如果眼睛出現大量黃綠色或出血性分泌物,且合併厲害的眼睛紅腫,應立即就醫。
12呼吸有雜音
喉頭軟骨發育不成熟
孩子呼吸有雜音主要與喉頭軟骨發育不成熟有關。楊長佑醫師解釋,當喉頭軟骨發育不成熟,呼吸所吸進的空氣就會出現類似打呼聲,通常隨著年紀增長約3、4個月時,喉頭軟骨發育成熟,呼吸的雜音會慢慢減少。
除此,楊雅淇醫師也分析:「新生兒呼吸的雜音類似喘鳴聲,也可能是孩子的鼻肉較肥厚,鼻道相對成人較狹窄,通常長大後會改善。」不過,也有少部分是因為是喉頭軟化、氣管狹窄等呼吸道異常所引起,通常長大後會自行緩解,可是如果情況嚴重則建議看耳鼻喉科,評估是否需要進行雷射治療。
另外,有時寶寶的呼吸聲大、稍微咳一、兩聲就讓媽媽擔心寶寶感冒了,對此,楊長佑醫師說明:「由於寶寶的鼻肉肥厚,加上通道小,只要有一點口鼻分泌物就容易造成鼻塞、打噴嚏。」所以當家長發現寶寶的鼻子分泌物變多,不妨使用棉花棒輕輕擦拭,有時也可用吸鼻器清除鼻內的分泌物。此外,平常可按摩鼻翼兩側以舒緩寶寶鼻塞情形
13舌繫帶
老一輩時常擔心寶寶的舌繫帶過短,影響孩子未來的進食與語言發展,說話會大舌頭,楊醫師指出:「正常來說,舌繫帶過短不會延緩孩子學習語言的年齡,只是捲舌音會發得不標準。」至於父母在自行檢查時,可請寶寶伸出舌頭並檢查舌頭是否超出下嘴唇,若有則應屬於正常情形。此外,同時觀察寶寶伸出舌頭是否呈現W形或ω型,如果是,可能表示異常,建議帶至小兒外科評估。
14臍帶
注重臍帶的清潔護理
臍瘜肉好發於0~1個月寶寶。
通常臍帶在寶寶出生10~12天後就會自行脫落,正常而言,臍帶護理做得好,一般不會有太大問題;沒做好,則可能在臍帶部位長出臍瘜肉,楊醫師說明:「臍瘜肉好發於0~1個月的寶寶,亦即溼肚臍,會不斷生出黏液無法乾燥,需要診斷治療。」因此,楊醫師建議父母照護新生兒臍帶,應用75%酒精從臍底部開始殺菌、消毒,如果還是長出臍瘜肉或肉芽腫,應立即帶寶寶就醫。
15睡眠問題
足月的新生兒睡眠時間每天約16~18小時,不會侷限在晚上,白天也會睡覺。不過,楊長佑醫師解釋:「他們的睡眠並非毫無規律,而是分成4~5段,一次睡4個小時,睡醒後就要吃奶,且晚上睡眠時間也比白天長。」
3~6個月大的寶寶,睡眠腦波的特徵就漸漸與大人一樣,整天的睡眠時間亦慢慢減少並集中在晚上。到了1歲,一天睡不到14小時,不過白天可能需要2次的小睡。因此,楊醫師建議:「從嬰兒出生到週歲這段期間,培養他良好的睡眠習慣。」當孩子醒著時,就當做是白天,讓空間有明亮感、多跟小孩玩耍。當小孩睡著時則當成晚上,讓室內燈光盡量昏暗。此外,3個月前的寶寶可以抱睡,3個月後的孩子則盡量陪在他旁邊睡,而且避免養成嬰兒吃奶嘴睡覺的習慣。
善用資源,照顧寶寶好Easy
定期量體溫
在照護新生兒時,還有哪些細節是新手父母要特別注意?楊雅淇醫師指出:「定期幫寶寶量體溫,一旦發現3個月以下的寶寶有發燒情況,一定要立即就醫。」而發燒的定義即是分別兩次測量到37.8℃以上的體溫。不過,也要注意室內溫度的調節,避免讓孩子穿過多、過厚的衣物,以免導致他的體溫過高。
讓寶寶仰睡,避免側睡和趴睡
3個月以下的寶寶有發燒要立即就醫。
另外,應讓寶寶仰睡,避免側睡和趴睡,楊醫師解釋:「仰睡已被證實不會增加嗆奶危險。」有些家長認為讓寶寶仰睡,以後頭型會不好看,所以讓他側睡或趴睡,可是側睡與趴睡已被證實會增加嬰幼兒口鼻被悶住的機會,與嬰兒猝死症相關。
另外,寶寶睡覺時,他周圍的口鼻要淨空,棉被蓋到胸部即可,兩側棉被則讓他墊在身體下,而床舖周圍不要有太多鬆軟的棉被或抱枕,以免不小心悶住寶寶的口鼻。另外,也不要將寶寶放在兩張併床的中間縫隙、或床舖靠牆邊的縫隙,這都可能造成寶寶翻身時被卡住,甚而壓到他的口鼻。
與新生兒同睡的大人不可有抽菸、酗酒、或服用其它藥物,以免神智狀態不清醒,不小心翻身即壓到寶寶;另外,亦不可有其他年紀較長的小孩與新生兒同睡,楊雅淇醫師說明:「小孩容易忽略安全,可能玩耍時會不小心壓到寶寶。」
做好防護以免寶寶被感染
除此,由於新生兒的免疫力還未發展成熟,即使有來自母親的抗體,但還是容易遭受感染,因此建議減少訪客、照顧者要勤洗手,如果親人有呼吸道感染,像是感冒,應戴口罩或避免與新生兒接觸。倘若媽媽有輕微感冒,可以戴口罩哺餵母奶,倘若患有嚴重流感,建議將母奶擠出來,再由別人以奶瓶餵食。
許多新手父母在育兒時經常遇到各式的疑難雜症,不妨將問題記錄下來,利用返診或帶寶寶接種疫苗時,有系統的詢問醫師。此外,國健局所發的兒童健康手冊也有精簡、扼要、卻有很詳細的育兒知識,包括餵食的重點、環境的注意、新生兒篩檢、或副食品添加,父母不妨多善用手邊的資源,如此在照顧寶寶也更得心應手。
食道收窄原因 在 李心潔 Sinje Lee Facebook 的最佳解答
说一说…..父母
前一阵子,参加了一个心灵课程。
一位三十岁左右的男人出来做分享。
他在新加坡工作,去年得知妈妈的癌症复发,而且还开始扩散,心里很难过,也很纠结。
他问了一个长辈朋友他该选择留在新加坡继续打拼事业还是辞职回去陪伴妈妈?
那位长辈朋友跟他说了自己亲生的经历。
长辈朋友说他年轻的时候,母亲患癌症,他带着母亲到处寻医,希望可以把母亲治好。
最后有位医生跟他说,他的母亲只剩一个月的命。
他致电给远在国外念医学系的弟弟,告诉他这个消息。
他的弟弟几年前获得了某间著名大学的医科奖学金,一个人到国外升学。
他还剩四个月就毕业,正式成为一个专业医生。
他跟教授申请一个月的假期,希望自己可以陪母亲走完她最后的人生。
结果教授不领情,说如果他这时候停学,就没办法毕业。
后来,他跟教授说,他很谢谢教授这几年对他的照顾和教导,但母亲只有一个,于是他选择了停学,回到家乡照顾妈妈。
长辈朋友说,他的弟弟归来后,每天无微不至照顾卧床的母亲,喂食,洗澡,清洗排泄物….。
而母亲在孩子细心的照顾和陪伴下多活了三个月才离开人间。
听完长辈朋友的故事,他决定辞职,回到他成长的土地,回到那个赐予他生命的母亲身边。
他的妈妈因为不想再承受多年前做化疗的幸苦,于是选择自然疗法。
他陪着妈妈一起学习气功,一起练习。
当妈妈学习遇到障碍时,他耐心教导妈妈,陪伴她一次又一次的练习。
这一次她带着妈妈,甚至爸爸一起来上课,三人之间的交流一天比一天温暖,一天比一天更往内心深处流动。
你可以看见这个三十的大男孩,边哽咽边诚恳地分享他内心的感受时,脸上闪耀着光芒,他的孝心滋养着他的生命,富足了他的灵魂,也感动了所有聆听的每一颗心。
你可以看见他患癌的妈妈因为他的爱而流露出幸福的笑容。
你可以看见他踏出的每一步是如何地一点一点软化了平时大男人的爸爸,让老夫老妻的爸妈重新感受相爱的甜蜜。
这段分享一直在我心中流淌,像安静清澈的河流,流过之处都获得了一份滋润。
今年农历过年前,九十几岁的外公中风跌倒,摔断了腿,也检查出食道收窄而必须插鼻胃管进食。
外公一向喜欢独居,就算孩子怎么相劝,他还是不愿意搬去跟任何一个孩子居住。
于是妈妈在家里附近准备了一个房子给外公住,方便照顾他老人家。
这个区可热闹了,小弟,大舅,表妹,两个表弟都住在附近,而二弟和二弟媳就住在正对面,很多照应。
外公出院后,爸妈,三个阿姨和舅舅们每天轮班,24小时在身边照顾卧床的外公。
有个专业护士来给外公做护理和检查时,跟他们说以她的经验观察,外公可能没办法坚持到过完年。
妈妈致电给我,让我有点心理准备。
农历年回家乡时,本来妈妈阿姨们已经订好餐厅一共六桌酒席给外公和我一起庆祝生日,因为我们两人是同一天生日,而且经常很靠近或在过年期间,已经有好几年,我都和阿公一起接受大家的生日祝福,一起许愿,一起吹蜡烛,切蛋糕。而这一次,阿公不止不能庆祝生日,而且长辈们也交代我们不要提这件事,因为在马来西亚华人的传统习俗里,老人家病重忌过生日。
于是所有的孩子,孙子和曾孙子每天都到外公家拜年,聚餐,非常热闹。
外公虽然行动不便,但躺在床上静静的聆听子孙们欢乐的声音,让他觉得很开心,嘴角不自觉微微上扬,好像这些陪伴就是他最好的良药。
他不停吩咐阿姨一定要记得帮他准备好红包,他要亲自给我们每人一个红包。
“爸,新年快乐,身体健康…阿公,恭喜发财,身体健康….阿祖,恭喜发财…。“我们七十几个人沿着客厅到厨房排成长长的队伍,一个一个握着阿公的手,从他手上接过那封非常珍贵的红包。
过完年,回到家,每天和妈妈通电话跟进外公的情况。
一天一天细心的照顾下和子孙每天的陪伴下,外公不止渡过了整个农历年,还自行拔掉鼻胃管(因为太不舒服),然后神奇的开始可以自己进食。
前几天,弟媳传来一条短片,一打开,看见外公竟然可以站起来慢慢的步行了。
这一次新冠肺炎疫情在全球大爆发,欧洲许多独居和疗养院的老人,在未接受正式治疗下,在家或疗养院孤独离世。
而小黄花慈善教育基金会也在行动管制令期间为一些贫穷的独居老人提供免费粮食。
以前和阿姨们一起探访过一间老人院,院长说他看到越来越多的老人院开设,心里觉得很悲哀。
我们现代人引以为傲,这越来越先进,越来越文明,科技越来越发达,物品越来越精致,教育程度越来越高的都市里,为什么就容纳不下这些前半辈子都在为社会为家庭付出的生命呢?
他们曾经也是年轻气盛,朝气蓬勃的劳动者,为什么在他们最需要被关怀,被爱护,被疼爱的最后的岁月里却被遗忘甚至遗弃?
越来越多的优越感并没能让我们感受越来越多的快乐,越来越争取的私人空间让人们的距离越拉越远……。
远到我们都看不见一些真正重要和值得珍惜的人和事。
这些老人们的家人呢?
也许背后有很多很多的故事,但这些故事是不是也许可以因为少一点的自我,多一点的同理心而被改写呢?
宇宙创造生命,而父母就是带这些生命来到这个世界的桥梁。
为什么我们可以把最好的给孩子,却不能把最好的给父母?
好友奶茶一个人照顾奶奶,爸爸和妈妈三个老人家,经常就是走路去看他们,陪他们,给他们煮好吃的,大小事都替他们打点。
每次看到她分享和奶奶,爸妈的合照,影片和文字时,心里都特别感动。
她堂堂一个影后,视后,歌后,平日的生活里,就是一个尽心尽力在照顾上面三个老人和下面一个孩子的平凡妈妈,女儿和孙女。
去年,我和一个好友探访一家慈善收留所,里头住了六十几位失智老人,他们都是因为各种各样的原因而被收留,有一些偶尔有家人来探望,有一些甚至无人问津。
看着那些老人枯萎的身躯躺在床上,空洞地望向远方,任由孤寂一寸一寸地侵蚀他的灵魂,生命就在这暗淡的小屋里渐渐地走向死亡,心里很是难过。
让我们闭上眼,回想小时候,父母辛苦照顾我们的身影,安静下来,感受一下现在的父母,我们是不是还可以聆听到他们的声音,感受彼此连接的温暖?
Let’s talk about….. Parents
Just recently, I participated in a spiritual class. There was a man, in his thirties who did a sharing session. He works in Singapore and last year, he learned that his mother’s cancer had recurred and it had begun to spread. He felt a wave of sad and complicated emotions overcome him.
He asked an elderly friend for advice, if he should choose to stay in Singapore to pursue his career or resign to accompany his mother?
This elderly friend of his then shared his own experience with him. When he was young, his own mother had cancer and he brought his mother around to seek for medical treatment, hoping to be able to cure her. Alas, one doctor gave him one news he would not want to hear, mentioning that his mother only had a month left to live.
He has a brother who had received a medical scholarship to study in a prestigious University a few years back and was all alone studying abroad. He gave his brother a call and delivered the unfortunate news. He was only four months away from graduation before he could be formally known as a professional doctor.
He applied for a month leave from his professor, hoping to accompany his mother through her final days. However, his application was rejected with the reason given that if he was to stop his courses, he would not be able to graduate.
He then thanked his professor for his care, guidance and advices throughout the many years but he chose and decided to take his leave and return to his homeland to care for his mother as there is only one mother in the world to him.
When his brother returned, with the special, attentive care and companionship given to his bed-ridden mother; feeding, bathing her, cleaning up her excrement, she managed to live through for another three months.
After listening to his friend’s story, he made a firm decision to resign from his job, returned to the place he grew up, returned to be with the woman who gave him life. His mother did not want to go through the sufferings of chemotherapy and chose holistic treatment instead.
He accompanied his mother to learn Qigong and practiced it together with her. He would be next to her, teaching her patiently whenever she encountered obstacles in her learnings and practice with her continuously.
This time around, he brought his mother and father for class. As days passed by, it can be seen that the interaction among them 3 was all about warmth, delving deeper into their inner world.
One could see a 30 years old man, choking as he shared his deepest feelings but yet his face shining radiantly as his filial attitude nourishes his life, enriching his soul, touching everyone’s heart.
You could see his mother who has cancer beaming broadly because of his love.
You could see how each step he took soften his father’s pride and ego, allowing the aged couple to mesmerize the sweetness of love again.
This sharing has nourished my inner soul, flowing through my system, like a quiet, clear river.
This year, just before the Lunar New Year, my 90 years old grandfather had a stroke and broke his leg. It was also found that his oesophagus was narrowed and a nasogastric feeding tube had to be inserted.
Grandpa has always enjoyed living alone. Nobody could convince him to stay with any of his children. So mum moved him to a house which she got nearby so that he can be taken care of easily. The location of the house is very strategic and lively as my younger brother, uncle and cousin sisters and brothers live in that area. The best part, my second brother and sister-in-law live just across the street.
When Grandpa was discharged from the hospital, my parents, three aunts and uncles took turns, rotating shifts to take care of my bed-ridden grandfather 24 hours a day.
There was a professional nurse who would come over to care, made necessary treatments and check up on Grandpa. She told my parents and relatives that from her experiences as a nurse, granddad would not survive till the Chinese New Year. My mum called me up to deliver this piece of news and told me to prepare for the worst.
We went back to our hometown for the Chinese New Year celebration and initially, my mum and aunts have made a restaurant reservation of 6 tables to have a feast for my grandfather and I as we share the same birth date and it was very close to Chinese New Year. We have had such celebrations for many years however, due to Grandpa’s condition, we were not able to celebrate together this year. We were all reminded numerous times that we are not to even talk about it by our elders because according to Malaysia’s Chinese Custom, it is best to forgo celebrating birthdays when our older relatives are gravely ill.
Therefore, all of us, the children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren went to Grandpa’s house every day to gather and have meals during the Chinese New Year celebration. It was bustling with noise and excitement. Although Grandpa was bed-ridden, listening to the gleeful voices from his grand and great-grandchildren has made him feeling happy. It was as though these companionships were the best medicine where one could see the corner of his mouth rising up faintly.
He kept reminding my aunt to prepare the Red Packets (Ang Pows) for him and that he would hand it out to us each, himself.
“Dad, Happy New Year. May you be blessed with good health”.. “Grandpa, Gong Xi Fai Cai, to good health”.. “Azu, Happy Chinese New Year..” There were about 70 of us, we could see an extremely long line forming from the living room up to the kitchen! We would hold Grandpa’s hand tenderly as we take the precious Red Packets from him.
After the Chinese New Year holidays, we all returned to our own home and I called up my mother every day to check up on Grandpa’s condition. With the sincere care and accompaniment of his children and grandchildren, not only did Grandpa spent the entire Lunar New Year with us but pull out the nasogastric tube all by himself (as it was making him feeling uncomfortable) and surprised us all as he began to eat by himself!
A few days ago, my sister-in-law sent us a short video. When I played the video, Grandpa could stand and began to walk slowly!
This time around, there is an outbreak of a new pneumonia (COVID-19) pandemic. There are many elderly people living alone or nursing homes in Europe. Due to them not being able to receive the proper treatment at the right time, many of them passed away feeling lonely.
Little Yellow Flower Education Foundation did a part by supplying free food baskets for some of the poor elderly folks who lives alone during the Malaysia Movement Control Order.
I visited a nursing home with my aunt once and the administrator told us that there were more nursing homes mushrooming and it was so disheartening for him.
It is something that is not understandable as in this modern metropolis world, where we can be proud of our achievements, where the world is more advanced, civilized, technologies are more developed, goods are more refined, education levels are standing tall, why is it that we are not able to accommodate and tolerate these elderly people who have once devoted their early days to the society and sacrificed for their family?
They were also once young and energetic laborers. Why are they now forgotten and abandoned during their last years when they are the ones who needs to be cared for, and loved most?
Feeling more superiority does not bring us more happiness. The more private space we strive for, will only distance ourselves from others…..
So far… that we could not even see and remember the people or things are really matters and are worth treasuring.
Where are the family members of these aged people?
There may be many stories to it but can it be rewritten if there were less pride and a little more empathy?
The Universe creates Life and parents are the bridges that brings life into this world. Why is it that we can provide the best for our children but not for our parents?
My friend, Rene has to take care of her grandmother, her father and mother; three golden gems. She will always walk over to their house to see them, accompany them, cook delicious meals for them and take care of their daily lives. Each time I see the pictures, videos and texts she share about her grandmother and parents, I am deeply moved.
Even as an International acclaimed actress and singer, she would still try her very best to take care of the three old family members and 1 young child as any normal mother, daughter and grand-daughter will do in her everyday life.
Last year, I visited a nursing home with a friend where there were more than 60 seniors who had dementia.
They are given shelter for various reasons. There are some seniors being visited by family members occasionally whereas there are some who are being totally neglected and abandoned. Seeing some of them, fragile looking, gazing blankly into the wall, allowing loneliness to seep into their souls by the inches, waiting for death to visit them while lying on their bed in this empty, dark shed, left me feeling extremely sad.
Let us all close our eyes, recollect our childhood’s memories, picturing the silhouettes of our parents who were taking care of us. Quiet down, feel the presence of our parents now. Can we still hear their voices, sense the connection and the warmth among us?
#说一说
#父母之恩
#letstalkabout
#loveforparents