不能胖才是大麻煩
Adipose tissue grows by two mechanisms: hyperplasia (cell number increase) and hypertrophy (cell size increase).
We all have a genetic predisposition to the amount of fat mass that we can safely achieve..Some folks have a very limited ability to recruit new adipose cells to store excess lipids in the subcutaneous adipose tissue. The recruitment of new adipose cells is known as Adipogenesis.
Adipogenesis is the process of cell differentiation by which pre-adipocytes become adipocytes. Once these folks can no longer recruit new adipose cells to store excess lipids during times of over-feeding, their existing adipocytes (fat cells) in their fat mass, their adipocytes grow in cell size and they reach a point where they become hypertrophic.
Their adipocytes (fat cells) become very inflamed, very insulin resistant. They start leaking all kinds of inflammatory markers into the circulation. These adipocytes (fat cells) become so insulin resistant that they can no longer properly regulate the flow of fatty acids and glycerol from storage. There is an excess spill-over of fatty acids to the liver. These excess fatty acids are re-esterfied in the liver to triglycerides. These excess fatty acids and triglycerides cause extreme insulin resistance in the liver. They also cause fatty liver. There is a dramatic rise in circulating triglycerides (lipids). These excess lipids also end up stored in the pancreas and other organs causing lipotoxicity. Welcome to T2 diabetes.
"Lipotoxicity is a metabolic syndrome that results from the accumulation of lipid intermediates in non-adipose tissue, leading to cellular dysfunction and death. The tissues normally affected include the kidneys, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. Lipotoxicity is believed to have a role in heart failure, obesity, and diabetes, and is estimated to affect approximately 25% of the adult American population."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipotoxicity .
Folks that have metabolically health fat mass have adipose tissue that grows by hyperplasia, increase in cell number..
Adiponectin is a very important hormone that is secreted by our adipose tissue..Adiponectin is very insulin sensitizing...also increases our metabolic rate...increases fatty acid oxidation...preserves pancreatic beta-cells...adiponectin promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), prevents apoptosis (cell death), and enhances the viability of pancreatic beta-cells under a variety of conditions.
Once you have dysfunctional adipose tissue, your adipocytes release LESS adiponectin and more leptin..Adiponectin is very anti-inflammatory...Leptin is very PRO-inflammatory.
LOW blood adiponectin levels are VERY indicative of T2 diabetes and fatty liver, many other diseases.
Small healthy fat cells release very high levels of adiponectin, very low levels of leptin..
I would need to try and write a few posts about adiponectin, T2D and fatty liver..
Here is a good article on adiponectin:
"Ever since its initial discovery, adiponectin has inspired widespread interest. Readily detectable in blood, stable upon collection and relatively inert to the method of collection and diurnal changes, its levels inversely correlate with multiple metabolic disorders and related diseases. Adiponectin can therefore serve as a potent clinical biomarker in humans and rodents. From the 10,000 studies over the past two decades since its discovery, it is widely appreciated that adiponectin exerts pleiotropic metabolic effects. Adiponectin sensitizes peripheral tissues to insulin and protects against inflammation and apoptosis."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3773837/ .
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