➥【重點摘要】:SARS-CoV-2感染有3個階段:
一、無症狀期(潛伏期),不一定測得到病毒
二、輕症期,可測到病毒
三、重症期,有很高的病毒量
就預防的觀點來看,第一階段隱形的帶病毒者最難管理,因為他們可能會在不知不覺中散播病毒。武漢分析的1000多名患者中,SARS-CoV-2會感染所有年齡層的人。約15%的確診病例會進展成重症,尤其是65歲以上的老年人。目前最大的未解決問題是為什麼有些人會發展嚴重的疾病,而其他人則不會。
本文從免疫學的觀點,提出重症及治療的假說。免疫反應可分兩個時期:在潛伏期和輕症期,後天免疫系統(adaptive immune response)發揮作用清除病毒並避免疾病發展成為重症。
因此,一些強化免疫反應的作法,如:抗病毒血清、干擾素等在此階段就十分重要;但當免疫反應失能時,病毒會開始大量複製並破壞受感染的組織,尤其是在具有較高ACE2表現量的器官中,例如:腸和腎。受損的細胞在肺部誘發巨噬細胞和顆粒細胞啟動先天性發炎反應(innate inflammation),肺部發炎遂成為重症階段致命的主因。此時的治療就應設法抑制發炎反應及控制症狀。
值得注意的是,某些病患出院之後又會再驗到病毒,甚至出現疾病復發的狀況。顯示,SARS-CoV-2病毒感染至少在一些病患無法誘發有效清除病毒的免疫反應,疫苗對這些人可能也會失效。因此,對恢復期的病患,除了監測病毒外,也應該留意 T/B細胞的反應。再者,冠狀病毒有許多亞型,因此,若直接針對SARS-CoV-2病毒開發疫苗有困難,作者建議應該參考金納博士的作法。(按:此處指的應是金納博士以牛痘疫苗預防天花)。
重症病患還有一個值得注意的是細胞激素釋放症候群(cytokine release syndrome)。由於重症病患常常可見淋巴球數目低下、白血球數目上升,因此作者認為重症病患發生此症候群可能是由T淋巴球以外的白血球所誘導。
阻斷IL-6往往會有治療效果,阻斷IL-1、TNF也可能會有用。另外,在中國也嘗試用間質幹細胞治療重症病患,但是真正的療效還需要更多的實證。還有需要注意,間質幹細胞必須被IFNγ激活以發揮抗發炎作用,但是重症病患的T細胞在病毒感染後無法被有效的活化,因此IFNγ的釋放會減少。
因此,為了增強間質幹細胞的治療果,作者建議可以考慮仿效脂多醣引起急性肺損傷時的治療方式,採用「licensing approach」:將間質幹細胞預先以IFNγ處理,則可促使細胞有效發揮抑制過度免疫反應的作用以及組織修復。此外,重症病患還必須處理肺損傷的問題。根據動物實驗結果,維生素B3(菸鹼酸niacin或是菸鹼醯胺nicotinamide)能預防肺組織傷害,也可以考慮給予重症病患服用。
病毒感染過程中還有一個重要的因子是細胞上的主要組織相容性複合體抗原(簡稱HLA)。HLA決定個體受到病毒感染的易感性。因此,研究HLA與SARS-CoV-2的結合關係並開發檢測試劑,將有助於分流管理病患以及評估疫苗的效益。
病毒感染誘發的先天性免疫反應會造成肺組織損傷,病人可能出現肺部大範圍的發炎,導致急性呼吸窘迫症(ARDS)甚至死亡。這些重症病患往往需要使用呼吸器甚至葉克膜治療。電腦斷層上會顯現毛玻璃狀變,遺體解剖時也發現死者肺部似溺水者般充斥大量液體。
作者認為,其中成份可能與玻尿酸(Hyaluronan、HA)有關。玻尿酸已知可已吸收其分子量1000倍的水分,因此,若能抑制玻尿酸在感染過程中生成的量,例如:給予分解酶(hyaluronidase)或是羥甲香豆素(Hymecromone,4MU),應該會有助減輕重症的呼吸道症狀。
簡言之,感染後的免疫反應及治療分為二階段:
「初期」:免疫反應為主的保護期
「後期」:發炎反應造成的傷害期
在早期,應強化免疫反應;後期,應抑制過度的發炎反應。維生素B3具有保護肺部的效果,一旦出現咳嗽,就應該開始使用。當出現呼吸困難,應直接由氣管中使用hyaluronidase或是4MU,抑制玻尿酸合成量。(「財團法人國家衛生研究院」莊淑鈞博士、齊嘉鈺醫師整理)
📋 COVID-19 Infection: The Perspectives on Immune Responses(2020/03/23)+中文摘要轉譯
➥Author:Yufang Shi, Ying Wang, Changshun Shao, et al.
➥Link: (Nature)Cell Death & Differentiation
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
#2019COVID19Academic
衛生福利部
疾病管制署 - 1922防疫達人
疾病管制署
國家衛生研究院-論壇
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