關於 significance 中文 ，我們在網路上蒐集到這些相關的討論、資訊與評價

#就係香港實習同學BackstageStory #Tobie篇

走進店舖，往往如走馬看花，視線輕率滑過四周，步履只作日常所需的短暫停留。但當我認真凝視每個空間角落，便意識到背後歷史的重量。當為土瓜灣的蝦記麵店和永香冰室做資料搜集的時候，我本著好奇心仔細觀察店舖每一細節。一幅畫，一件裝飾品，不只因著美觀原因而懸在牆上，內裡還藏著一個個等待被發掘的故事，它們正是空間裡有形的歷史。

當記憶隨時間變質，實體空間的經歷便是通往過去的最佳門徑。但唯有藉著現場互動，才能將過去記憶活現眼前，這是對著電腦搜尋網上資料無可比擬的連結。透過這張拼貼，我希望能保存在兩間老店經歷轉眼即逝的瞬間，凝住內裡的故事與記憶，並將之展現人前。但願在傢俬與鋪面招牌磨損裡透現出來的一份人情世故，將來亦繼續有人珍惜、關注。

*永香冰室於1959年開業，在永耀街一隅見證了土瓜灣半世紀變遷。經典劇集《大時代》及近年得獎電影《踏血尋梅》等影視作品，曾在此取景。

*蝦記麵廠，另一土瓜灣半百老字號，以新鮮手工製蝦子麵聞名。店舖至今仍保留前鋪後廠的格局。

We often dismiss or glance over interiors of shops and cafes. They become brisk stops where we do our weekly shop and nothing more, but having to inspect and analyse each facet of a space has led me to realise the depth and historical significance these old stores hold. When doing research for Har Kee Noodle and Wing Heung Cafe, I was encouraged to perceive each and every aspect inquisitively. Each photograph on the wall, each piece of decor perhaps wasn’t only there for mere aesthetic intention. Behind each aspect was a story to tell, one which represents a tangible history of the space. With perishable memories and the temporal notion of emotion, I found that connecting with the physical space was the best way to engage with the past. Researching online was one thing, but having this information set against the backdrop of where it all happened brought these memories to life. And by creating a collage, I wanted to highlight the preservation of a fleeting moment, memory encased and stories retold in these physical spaces. The wear and tear of furniture and iconic shopfront signs held a sense of sentimentality which I hope others will be more wary of in the future.

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Tobie，21歲，心理學畢業生，兼職插畫家。

*書中刊登為中文版本，由實習生Marcus及Tobie採訪，Jess翻譯成中文。

#就係香港2020秋季號#Remap土瓜灣生存手冊#老店 #本地創作

【師培專文】英文用錯別急著怪你的「中文腦」。7大種錯誤來源

當沒有教學靈感時，就回到 "learners" 和 "learning" 這兩件事的本質去思考。其中要了解 learners 頭腦裡的語言 (interlanguage)， learner errors 可以給我們很多很多的線索。

提出 The Output Hypothesis 的習得大師 Merrill Swain 指出，errors 是學習者對於語言的錯誤假設 (Wrong hypothesis) 的產物。應用語言學之父 Pit Corder 極為有影響力的論文即命名為：The Significance of Learner Errors.

但學習者和老師都必須要知道：Not all errors are equal. 錯誤可以粗略分成下面幾個來源，有了對錯誤的系統性理解以後，教學者、老師們、甚至學習者才能進而很細緻地去思考 怎樣的 corrective feedback、怎樣的 instruction (pedagogical intervention) 會對於鏟除這些錯誤有幫助 (or 沒幫助) 。

但前提是我們要學習如何：
(1) Collect samples of learner language
(2) Identify the errors
(3) Describe and explain the errors
(4) Evaluate / correct the errors

【學習者錯誤大概可分成下面幾種錯誤】

Type 1️⃣: Errors of Overproduction (過度使用)
小明剛看完一篇文章很不完整地在講定冠詞 the 什麼時候用。滿腦子都是 the，導致於他隔天寫英文時，不需要 the 的地方也用了 the。

當教學、教材不夠完整很容易有這樣的狀況，語言學家 Larry Selinker 曾經用 Transfer of Training 一詞形容「教學可以對學習造成的負面影響」。

➠ 當你看完「英文冠詞八大法」「介系詞就靠這幾招」這樣的文章時，要特別小心，你有可能越學越回去。

Type 2️⃣: L1 Transfer (對於母語對外語的影響，比較先進的說法是 cross-linguistic influence)

中式英文: I'm easy to get lost while driving in a big city. (腦中翻譯: 我很容易。。。)

正確: I get lost easily while driving in a big city.

中式英文: The knowledge I learned from him is very useful. (learn knowledge 是中式搭配詞錯誤，應使用 acquire knowledge)

Type 3️⃣: Developmental Errors (發展型錯誤)

小明學了 Where is the restroom? 後，程度慢慢變好時，學了「間接問句」。有一天他突然不知道到底是 Can you tell me where is the restroom? 還是 Can you tell me where the restroom is?

Type 4️⃣: Inherent difficulty / complexity (語言本身複雜性)

• He went to University of Pennsylvania.

(應該使用 He went to the University of Pennsylvania.)

Type 5️⃣: Overgeneralization (過度類化)

• *We should emphasize on... (將 put emphasis on 的 on 誤送給動詞)

• *We really need to cost down. (來自於 We need to bring the cost down. 的不求甚解學習)

Type 6️⃣: Oversimplification (過度簡化)
*He didn't wear mask today. (應該用 wear a mask，可能是 Type 2 加上 Type 6 的綜合)

Type 7️⃣: 綜合型錯誤 (一個以上的原因加總)

• I suggested him to go to see a doctor immediately.

• He didn't reply my email.

應該是 reply to...可能學生想到 answer my phone、可能是在翻中文、可能是 overgeneralization、及物不及物本身也有複雜性)

✔︎ 台灣英語師培系統過去30年，因課程內容只對了真正在研究「語言學習過程」的第二語言習得 (SLA) 研究做了非常皮毛的「交代」，大多台灣的英文老師，都在不知道怎麼回答之下走進了教室，開始了一年又一年用trial and error 學習教學的過程。

➠ 知名語言學家 Ringbom 在 2007 年一篇 paper 裡也提及: "...we need to know enough about learning before we start making assumptions on the efficiency of teaching."

如果你未來想要當、或現在是個英文老師，認同這個理念，也想要用科學來引導教學、讓自己和學生都能不斷進步，站在世界最前端，那麼我歡迎你參加我的師培課程！

公開課ㄧ秒報名: https://www.accupass.com/event/2003230931011722834038

• 地點: 台北市朱崙街60號2F (MRT 南京復興站 3號出口)

• 時間: 2:30 pm- 4:00 pm (2:00 pm 開放入場)

#EZTALK #你不知道的美國大小事 #ratVSmouse
🇺🇸 Idioms 美國生活用語：老鼠 rat╱mouse 🐁

說到美國老鼠，你會想到可愛的米老鼠，還是《料理鼠王》裡頭的老鼠？趁鼠年第一天，來介紹老美眼中的老鼠！

💪順便搞懂 rat 跟 mouse 的不同之處吧！

1⃣ rat
2⃣ rat out/on
3⃣ smell a rat
4⃣ the rat race
5⃣ quiet at a mouse
6⃣ poor as a church mouse
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As we enter the Year of the Rat, it’s a good time to think about rodents and their cultural significance. The first animal in the Chinese Zodiac, rats are associated with intelligence, diligence and ambition. And people born in the Year of the Rat can look forward to being wealthy and successful.

鼠年即將到來，正好來介紹一下鼠類跟其文化意涵。身為十二生肖排名第一，老鼠通常會讓我們想到聰明、勤勞且有野心。鼠年出生的人可望成功富有。

In America, however, rats don’t have such a positive image. They are seen as dirty pests that steal food and spread disease. It’s therefore no accident the rat-related idioms are all negative. 1⃣ First, the term “rat” itself. In colloquial American English, a rat is a deceptive, disloyal person or an informant. Ex: Don’t trust Tommy—he’s a rat!

不過在美國，老鼠可就沒有這麼正面的形象。牠們被視為髒東西，愛偷食物並且散播疾病，所以沒有意外地，跟老鼠有關的美國用語都是負面的。首先來看看 rat 這個字，在美式口語英文中，講某人是 rat，就是說他是「騙子、不忠實」，或是「告密者」。如：Don’t trust Tommy—he’s a rat!（別相信湯米，他是個騙子！）

2⃣ “Rat” can also be used in the verb phrase “rat out/on,” which means “to inform on sb.” Ex: The thief ratted out his accomplices to avoid jail time. 3⃣Another phrase is “smell a rat,” which means “to suspect an instance of wrongdoing, deception or betrayal.” Ex: The witness smelled a rat when he saw the suspect leaving the scene of the crime. 4⃣Finally, “the rat race” describes the intense competition and long hours of the urban work environment. Ex: Eric dreamed of leaving the rat race and buying a small farm.

因此 rat 也可延伸作為動詞：rat out/on，指「出賣某人」，如：The thief ratted out his accomplices to avoid jail time.（那個小偷出賣他的同夥逃避坐牢。）另一個片語則是 smell a rat，指「發覺有可疑之處」，如：The witness smelled a rat when he saw the suspect leaving the scene of the crime.（目擊者看到嫌犯離開案發現場時覺得行為可疑。）最後是 the rat race，用來形容職場競爭激烈且工時長的現象。如：Eric dreamed of leaving the rat race and buying a small farm.（艾瑞克夢想著離開這競爭激烈的工作環境，去鄉下種田。）

While the Chinese “shu” is usually translated as “rat,” it can also refer to mice. And mice have a slightly better reputation in English than rats. Mice are small, quiet and shy, so 5⃣ “quiet at a mouse” refers to someone who is shy and timid. Ex: The new student in our class is quiet as a mouse. 6⃣And if someone is “poor as a church mouse,” they’re really poor. This is because churches usually don’t usually store food, so mice who lived in them would have nothing to eat. Ex: My parents were poor as a church mouse when I was born.

雖然中文字「鼠」常常翻作 rat「大老鼠」，不過也可以指 mouse（複數形 mice）「小老鼠」。在英文中，小老鼠的形象比大老鼠稍微好些。小老鼠體型較小，安靜又害羞，所以 quiet as a mouse 可以用來形容某人「害羞膽怯的」，如：The new student in our class is quiet as a mouse.（我們班新來的學生很害羞。）要是說某人 poor as a church mouse，就是說他們「非常窮」。由來是因為教堂通常不會儲藏食物，所以住在教堂裡的老鼠根本沒東西可吃。如：My parents were poor as a church mouse when I was born.（我父母在我出生時候非常窮。）

【✍重點單字】
1. rodent「嚙齒類動物」
2. Chinese Zodiac「十二生肖」：zodiac指西洋占星的十二星座。
3. diligence「勤奮」：當名詞，形容詞 diligent。
4. it’s no accident that…「沒有意外，……」
5. colloquial「口語的」：相對於書寫文字而言，較不正式的說法。
6. deceptive「愛騙人、說謊的」：當形容詞，名詞 deception。
7. informant「告密者」
8. urban「都市的」：相反詞為 rural「鄉下的」。
9. reputation「名聲」

#鼠年行大運 #鼠錢鼠不完
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🔔 按下「搶先看」，每週五【美國大小事】，由 Judd 編審分享最即時美國新鮮事！想知道更多美國文化，請看 👉 http://bit.ly/EZTalk嚴選